Stigmatized persons may delay seeking medical care, contributing to the expansion of the epidemic via community transmission while conspiracy theories can motivate people not to get vaccinated.

The perils of ‘fake news’—false information masquerading as verifiable truth, often disseminated online—are acutely apparent during public health crises, with false equivalence drawn between scientific evidence and uninformed opinion.

New algorithms will help—but users' skepticism is the ultimate weapon.

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Apart from spreading fake news, misinformation campaigns can also divert attention from other, more serious problems.

Virus conspiracy theories, and fake reports of draconian government action have led platforms to adopt new products and policies to combat misinformation.

Discover the causes, consequences, and solutions to the fake news epidemic, and learn how to.

The ultimate cure for the fake news epidemic will be more skeptical readers.

To combat such manipulation, we developed a software tool called botslayer.

5 these interventions represent a substantial new assumption of responsibility for the accuracy of the content on their sites.

A systematic search was performed in the medline, virtual health library (vhl), and scielo databases from january 1, 2020, to may 11, 2021.

To combat such manipulation, we developed a software tool called botslayer.

5 these interventions represent a substantial new assumption of responsibility for the accuracy of the content on their sites.

A systematic search was performed in the medline, virtual health library (vhl), and scielo databases from january 1, 2020, to may 11, 2021.

This paper aims to unpack a structured overview of previous research topics and findings and identify gaps.

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